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Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type-1 p24 (HIV1-p24) Antibody [HIV1-24/661]

Name: Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type-1 p24 (HIV1-p24) Antibody
SKU: MSM1-661
Availability: InStock

In Stock

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Applications & Dilutions

Immunofluorescence (IF)

1-3ug/ml

Summary

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a retrovirus that causes acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), a condition in humans in which the immune system begins to fail, leading to life-threatening opportunistic infections. HIV mainly infects vital cells in the human immune system such as helper T cells (specifically CD4+ T cells), macrophages and dendritic cells. Two species of HIV infect humans: HIV-1 and HIV-2, with HIV-1 being the more virulent strain. The gag gene of human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) encodes a precursor protein known as Pr55Gag. The viral protease PR cleaves this precursor to generate p17, p24, p7, and p6 proteins, which are required for virus particle assembly. HIV-1 Gag p24 is a capsid protein that constitutes the core of AIDS virus HIV-1. p6 and p7 are the components of the nucleocapsid, and p17 provides a protective matrix. HIV-1 Gag p24 is indispensable to the reproduction of AIDS virus and constitutes an essential element for the AIDS virus particle construction. As this protein is detectable from the early stage of AIDS virus infection, its measurement is commonly used as an indicator of HIV-1 infection and viral load.

Product Properties & Targets

Antibody Type

Mouse Monoclonals

Host

Mouse

Applications

ELISA, Immunofluorescence

Species Reactivity

HIV Type 1

Isotype / Light Chain

IgG1 / Kappa

Cellular Localization

Host cell membrane, Host cytoplasm, Host endosome, Host multivesicular body, Host nucleus, Membrane, Virion, Virion membrane

Gene Name

gag-pol

Positive Control

HIV-1 infected cells. Tissues.

Immunogen

Recombinant HIV-1 Gag p24 protein

Alternate Names

Gag-Pol polyprotein, Pr160Gag-Pol, Capsid protein p24; Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 p24; HIV1gp1; HIV-1 Gag p24

Database Links

Entrez Gene ID

155348

SwissProt

P04585

Additional Information

Clone

HIV1-24/661

Chromosome Location

Not Applicable

Mol. Weight of Antigen

24kDa (mature); 55kDa & 41kDa (precursors)

Functions

Mediates, with Gag polyprotein, the essential events in virion assembly, including binding the plasma membrane, making the protein-protein interactions necessary to create spherical particles, recruiting the viral Env proteins, and packaging the genomic RNA via direct interactions with the RNA packaging sequence (Psi). Gag-Pol polyprotein may regulate its own translation, by the binding genomic RNA in the 5'-UTR. At low concentration, the polyprotein would promote translation, whereas at high concentration, the polyprotein would encapsidate genomic RNA and then shut off translation.
Targets the polyprotein to the plasma membrane via a multipartite membrane-binding signal, that includes its myristoylated N-terminus (By similarity). Matrix protein is part of the pre-integration complex. Implicated in the release from host cell mediated by Vpu. Binds to RNA (By similarity).
Forms the conical core that encapsulates the genomic RNA-nucleocapsid complex in the virion (PubMed:8648689). Most core are conical, with only 7% tubular. The core is constituted by capsid protein hexamer subunits. The core is disassembled soon after virion entry (PubMed:12660176). Host restriction factors such as monkey TRIM5-alpha or TRIMCyp bind retroviral capsids and cause premature capsid disassembly, leading to blocks in reverse transcription. Capsid restriction by TRIM5 is one of the factors which restricts HIV-1 to the human species (PubMed:23785198). Host PIN1 apparently facilitates the virion uncoating (By similarity). On the other hand, interactions with PDZD8 or CYPA stabilize the capsid (PubMed:24554657).
Encapsulates and protects viral dimeric unspliced genomic RNA (gRNA). Binds these RNAs through its zinc fingers. Acts as a nucleic acid chaperone which is involved in rearangement of nucleic acid secondary structure during gRNA retrotranscription. Also facilitates template switch leading to recombination. As part of the polyprotein, participates in gRNA dimerization, packaging, tRNA incorporation and virion assembly.
Aspartyl protease that mediates proteolytic cleavages of Gag and Gag-Pol polyproteins during or shortly after the release of the virion from the plasma membrane (PubMed:9573231, PubMed:11932404). Cleavages take place as an ordered, step-wise cascade to yield mature proteins (PubMed:9573231, PubMed:11932404). This process is called maturation (PubMed:9573231, PubMed:11932404). Displays maximal activity during the budding process just prior to particle release from the cell (PubMed:9573231, PubMed:11932404). Also cleaves Nef and Vif, probably concomitantly with viral structural proteins on maturation of virus particles (PubMed:7835426). Hydrolyzes host EIF4GI and PABP1 in order to shut off the capped cellular mRNA translation. The resulting inhibition of cellular protein synthesis serves to ensure maximal viral gene expression and to evade host immune response (PubMed:12660176, PubMed:19914170). Also mediates cleavage of host YTHDF3. Mediates cleavage of host CARD8, thereby activating the CARD8 inflammasome, leading to the clearance of latent HIV-1 in patient CD4(+) T-cells after viral reactivation; in contrast, HIV-1 can evade CARD8-sensing when its protease remains inactive in infected cells prior to viral budding (PubMed:32053707). Mediates cleavage of host CARD8, thereby activating the CARD8 inflammasome, leading to the clearance of latent HIV-1 in patient CD4(+) T-cells after viral reactivation; in contrast, HIV-1 can evade CARD8-sensing when its protease remains inactive in infected cells prior to viral budding (PubMed:33542150).
Multifunctional enzyme that converts the viral RNA genome into dsDNA in the cytoplasm, shortly after virus entry into the cell. This enzyme displays a DNA polymerase activity that can copy either DNA or RNA templates, and a ribonuclease H (RNase H) activity that cleaves the RNA strand of RNA-DNA heteroduplexes in a partially processive 3' to 5' endonucleasic mode. Conversion of viral genomic RNA into dsDNA requires many steps. A tRNA(3)-Lys binds to the primer-binding site (PBS) situated at the 5'-end of the viral RNA. RT uses the 3' end of the tRNA primer to perform a short round of RNA-dependent minus-strand DNA synthesis. The reading proceeds through the U5 region and ends after the repeated (R) region which is present at both ends of viral RNA. The portion of the RNA-DNA heteroduplex is digested by the RNase H, resulting in a ssDNA product attached to the tRNA primer. This ssDNA/tRNA hybridizes with the identical R region situated at the 3' end of viral RNA. This template exchange, known as minus-strand DNA strong stop transfer, can be either intra- or intermolecular. RT uses the 3' end of this newly synthesized short ssDNA to perform the RNA-dependent minus-strand DNA synthesis of the whole template. RNase H digests the RNA template except for two polypurine tracts (PPTs) situated at the 5'-end and near the center of the genome. It is not clear if both polymerase and RNase H activities are simultaneous. RNase H probably can proceed both in a polymerase-dependent (RNA cut into small fragments by the same RT performing DNA synthesis) and a polymerase-independent mode (cleavage of remaining RNA fragments by free RTs). Secondly, RT performs DNA-directed plus-strand DNA synthesis using the PPTs that have not been removed by RNase H as primers. PPTs and tRNA primers are then removed by RNase H. The 3' and 5' ssDNA PBS regions hybridize to form a circular dsDNA intermediate. Strand displacement synthesis by RT to the PBS and PPT ends produces a blunt ended, linear dsDNA copy of the viral genome that includes long terminal repeats (LTRs) at both ends.
Catalyzes viral DNA integration into the host chromosome, by performing a series of DNA cutting and joining reactions. This enzyme activity takes place after virion entry into a cell and reverse transcription of the RNA genome in dsDNA. The first step in the integration process is 3' processing. This step requires a complex comprising the viral genome, matrix protein, Vpr and integrase. This complex is called the pre-integration complex (PIC). The integrase protein removes 2 nucleotides from each 3' end of the viral DNA, leaving recessed CA OH's at the 3' ends. In the second step, the PIC enters cell nucleus. This process is mediated through integrase and Vpr proteins, and allows the virus to infect a non dividing cell. This ability to enter the nucleus is specific of lentiviruses, other retroviruses cannot and rely on cell division to access cell chromosomes. In the third step, termed strand transfer, the integrase protein joins the previously processed 3' ends to the 5' ends of strands of target cellular DNA at the site of integration. The 5'-ends are produced by integrase-catalyzed staggered cuts, 5 bp apart. A Y-shaped, gapped, recombination intermediate results, with the 5'-ends of the viral DNA strands and the 3' ends of target DNA strands remaining unjoined, flanking a gap of 5 bp. The last step is viral DNA integration into host chromosome. This involves host DNA repair synthesis in which the 5 bp gaps between the unjoined strands are filled in and then ligated. Since this process occurs at both cuts flanking the HIV genome, a 5 bp duplication of host DNA is produced at the ends of HIV-1 integration. Alternatively, Integrase may catalyze the excision of viral DNA just after strand transfer, this is termed disintegration.

Key References

Voltersvik, P., Bostad, L., Dyrhol-Riise, A.M., Eide, G.E., Rosok, B.I., Olofsson, J. and Asjo, B. 2006. Cystatin A and HIV-1 p24 antigen expression in tonsil- lar lymphoid follicles during HIV-1 infection and during highly active anti- retroviral therapy. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. 41: 277-2784.

PubMed Links

Storage & Stability

Antibody with azide - store at 2 to 8°C. Antibody is stable for 24 months. Non-hazardous. No MSDS required.

Limitations

This antibody is available for research use only and is not approved for use in diagnosis.

Supplied as

200ug/ml of Ab Purified from Bioreactor Concentrate by Protein A/G. Prepared in 10mM PBS with 0.05% BSA & 0.05% azide. Also available WITHOUT BSA at 1.0mg/ml.

Warranty

There are no warranties, expressed or implied, which extend beyond this description. Company is not liable for any personal injury or economic loss resulting from this product.

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