Carboxypeptidase A1 (CPA1) is an enzyme encoded by the CPA1 gene chromosome 7q32.1. It contains 447 amino acids and has a molecular weight of approximately 52 kDa. CPA1 undergoes post-translational modifications such as phosphorylation, glycosylation, and formation of disulfide bonds. It is primarily an intracellular protein found in pancreatic acinar cells, which is crucial in protein digestion.
CPA1 is synthesized and stored in the zymogen granules of pancreatic acinar cells within the pancreas. Upon stimulation by hormones such as cholecystokinin, CPA1 is secreted into the pancreatic ducts and subsequently into the duodenum, where it acts as an exopeptidase, catalyzing the hydrolysis of peptide bonds at the carboxyl terminus of proteins and peptides. This process contributes to the breakdown of dietary proteins into smaller peptides and amino acids, which can be absorbed by the intestine for nutrient utilization.
Dysfunction or dysregulation of CPA1 has been implicated in various pancreatic diseases and conditions. Mutations in the CPA1 gene have been associated with hereditary pancreatitis, a rare genetic disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of pancreatitis (i.e., inflammation of the pancreas). Additionally, alterations in CPA1 expression or activity have been observed in pancreatic cancer, where CPA1 may contribute to tumor progression and metastasis through its involvement in extracellular matrix remodeling and tumor cell invasion.
Given its role in pancreatic diseases, directly targeting CPA1 with pharmacological interventions may be challenging due to its essential role in normal digestive processes. Therapeutic strategies for pancreatic diseases often focus on managing symptoms, controlling inflammation, and preventing complications. Further research into the molecular mechanisms underlying CPA1 dysregulation in pancreatic disorders may uncover novel therapeutic targets or approaches for intervention.
From a diagnostic perspective, CPA1 is a highly sensitive and largely specific marker for normal and neoplastic pancreatic acinar cells. Immunohistochemistry approaches have been proposed for detecting pancreatic acinar cell carcinoma (ACC). Furthermore, elevated levels of CPA1 in blood serum or altered expression patterns in pancreatic tissue may provide diagnostic information in diseases such as pancreatitis or pancreatic cancer.
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Synonyms
Carboxypeptidase A1, Carboxypeptidase A1 (pancreatic); CPA1; Pancreatic Carboxypeptidase A1; Procarboxypeptidase A1 pancreatic
Research Areas
Mast Cell Marker
