CD163 is a transmembrane glycoprotein known for its involvement in immune regulation and inflammation. With a molecular weight of approximately 130 kDa, CD163 is primarily expressed on the surface membrane of monocytes and macrophages. This cell surface receptor undergoes posttranslational modifications, including glycosylation and shedding of its extracellular domain, contributing to its diverse functions.
The primary role of CD163 is to function as a scavenger receptor that recognizes and binds to hemoglobin-haptoglobin complexes, facilitating the clearance of hemoglobin from the bloodstream. CD163 is predominantly expressed in cells of the monocyte–macrophage lineage, and its levels are upregulated in response to anti-inflammatory signals, such as interleukin-10 (IL-10). CD163 is particularly abundant in tissues associated with the mononuclear phagocyte system, including the spleen, liver, and lymph nodes.
Various factors, including inflammatory stimuli, infection, and tissue injury, modulate the expression of CD163. In human health and disease, CD163 is recognized for its dual role as an anti-inflammatory mediator and a potential biomarker. In inflammatory conditions, such as rheumatoid arthritis and atherosclerosis, CD163 expression is upregulated as part of the anti-inflammatory response. Additionally, CD163 is implicated in diseases associated with hemolysis, such as sickle cell disease and hemolytic anemias, where it plays a role in mitigating the effects of free hemoglobin.
Antibodies against CD163 have significant clinical applications in diagnostics and therapeutic research. In diagnostics, CD163 antibodies are employed for immunohistochemistry (IHC) and flow cytometry to assess CD163 expression in tissues and immune cell populations. In therapeutic research, CD163 is being explored as a potential target for modulating immune responses and inflammation, and antibodies against CD163 may play a role in developing targeted therapies for conditions characterized by excessive inflammation.
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Synonyms
Scavenger receptor cysteine-rich type 1 protein M130 | Soluble CD163, Hemoglobin scavenger receptor, Hemoglobin scavenger receptor, MM130; Scavenger receptor cysteine rich type 1 protein M130
Research Areas
Cardiovascular, Dendritic Cell Marker, Hematopoietic Stem Cells, Infectious Disease
