CTLA-4 Antibodies

Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte-Associated Protein 4 (CTLA-4) has a molecular weight of approximately 33-34 kDa and is primarily expressed on activated T-cells, specifically CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells. It is a crucial immune checkpoint receptor that negatively regulates T-cell activation. It competes with the co-stimulatory molecule CD28 for binding to the ligands B7-1 (CD80) and B7-2 (CD86) on antigen-presenting cells (APCs), which inhibits T-cell activation and helps maintain immune homeostasis.

CTLA-4 is associated with autoimmune diseases, as its dysregulation can lead to an overactive immune response against self-antigens. Additionally, mutations in Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte-Associated Protein 4 are linked to certain autoimmune disorders, such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and autoimmune thyroid diseases. Furthermore, it is a target in cancer immunotherapy due to its role in immune evasion by tumor cells.

Therapeutically, antibodies against CTLA-4 have been shown to block the CTLA-4 inhibitory function, promoting T-cell activation and enhancing the immune response against cancer cells, particularly in treating advanced melanoma. In diagnostics, assessing CTLA-4 expression or genetic variations may help predict responses to immunotherapy and guide treatment decisions.

Synonyms

Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte protein 4, ALPS5|CD|CD152|CELIAC3|CTLA-4|GRD4|GSE|IDDM12

Research Areas

Apoptosis, Autophagy, Breast Cancer, Cancer, Cardiovascular, Cell Biology, Cellular Markers and Tags, Developmental Biology, Endocrine, Epigenetics, Gastrointestinal Tract, Hypoxia, Immuno Oncology, Immunology, Kidney, Lymphatic, Metabolism, Microbiology, Muscle, Neuroscience, Pancreatic Cancer, Prostate Cancer, Skin, Stem Cell, AKT Signaling, Angiogenesis, Articular Cartilage Extracellular Matrix, B Cell Markers, Basal Cell Marker, BBB VCAM-1 Signaling, Bladder Cancer, Cardiac Stem Cells, Colon Cancer, Colorectal Cancer, Complement System, CTLA-4 blockade immunotherapy, Cytokine Signaling, Defective Intrinsic Apoptosis, Dendritic Cell Marker, Digestion, Endothelial Cell Marker, Hematopoietic Stem Cells, Immune checkpoint, Infectious Disease, Lipid Metabolism, Lung Cancer, MAPK Signaling, Mast Cell Marker, Melanoma, Mesenchymal Stem Cell Differentiation, Mitochondria Marker, Neural Stem Cells, Neuroinflammation, Nuclear Marker, Oncology, Ovarian Cancer, PD-1 blockade immunotherapy, Signal Transduction, Stem Cell Differentiation, Transcription Factors