Alpha-methylacyl-CoA racemase (AMACR), also known as P504S, is encoded by the AMACR gene on chromosome 5p13. The protein contains 404 amino acids with a molecular weight of around 45 kDa. Post-translational modifications of AMACR include phosphorylation and possibly other modifications, although specific details are still being elucidated. AMACR is primarily an intracellular protein localized within peroxisomes and mitochondria.
The function of AMACR is to catalyze the racemization of alpha-methyl-branched fatty acid CoA esters, converting them from the (R)- to the (S)-enantiomer. This enzymatic activity plays a crucial role in the beta-oxidation of branched-chain fatty acids, essential for energy metabolism and lipid homeostasis. Additionally, AMACR is involved in bile acid synthesis and the metabolism of cholesterol and other lipids.
AMACR is expressed in various tissues and organs, including the liver, kidney, prostate, colon, and brain. Its expression is particularly prominent in epithelial cells lining the ducts and acini of the prostate gland, where it is used as a marker for prostate cancer diagnosis and prognosis. AMACR expression has also been detected in certain cancers of the colon, kidney, and pancreas.
The expression of AMACR is regulated at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels by various factors, including steroid hormones, growth factors, and transcriptional regulators. Dysregulation of AMACR expression or activity has been associated with prostate cancer progression and other pathological conditions, although the exact mechanisms and implications are still being investigated. Notably, immunohistochemical detection of AMACR expression in prostate tissue biopsy samples has become a standard diagnostic tool for distinguishing benign from malignant lesions and assessing cancer aggressiveness. Additionally, AMACR expression levels have been correlated with prostate cancer prognosis, aiding in treatment decision-making. However, further research is needed to explore the therapeutic potential of targeting AMACR and to validate its utility as a prognostic marker in other cancer types.
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Synonyms
Alpha-methylacyl-CoA racemase, 2-methylacyl-CoA racemase, Alpha-methylacyl-CoA Racemase, CBAS4, Da1-8, Macr1, RACE, RM
Research Areas
Cardiovascular
