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11 January, 2024 by Anshul (neobio)
Welcome to cellular markers – a key area for insights in immunology and cell biology, as well as for attaining precision in biomedical research. One such critical component is the CD14 marker, a cell-surface receptor, predominant on monocytes and macrophages and a crucial determinant of immune responses. Whether you’re a research scientist at a top institution or interested in the intricacies of cell biology, understanding the CD14 marker can open new horizons in your research work.
At NeoBiotechnologies, we’re all about making the complex, simple. So, let’s dive into the CD14 marker – its role, function, and significance.
CD14 has long been recognized as a differentiation marker for monocytes and macrophages. This glycoprotein serves as a cell surface receptor with a critical role in bacterial recognition and subsequent immune response initiation. Research evidence places CD14 in the limelight for its role in binding of LPS-LBP (lipopolysaccharide-binding protein) complexes and its role in signal transduction, establishing its multifaceted utility in immune response orchestration.
A key characteristic of the CD14 marker is its belonging to the Leucine-rich repeat (LRR) family of proteins. This implicates CD14 in various biological functions including signal transduction and DNA repair. Its versatile functionality is underpinned by a unique architecture that allows these proteins to serve as a platform for several protein-protein interactions.
Interestingly, the CD14 marker exists as two distinct forms, each with its characteristics and role. Its membrane-bound form (mCD14) predominantly marks monocytes, macrophages, and neutrophils. On the other hand, its soluble form (sCD14) significantly contributes to the immune responses to bacterial infections, particularly in scenarios where mCD14 is absent.
CD14 expression isn’t homogeneous across all cell types. Predominantly expressed on monocytes and macrophages, CD14 is key in defining the identity and function of these cell types within the immune system. Yet, studies also report its expression in stem cells, epithelial cells, and even endothelial cells, highlighting CD14’s diverse influence on cellular differentiation and immune response modulation.
In sum, CD14 isn’t just a mere cell surface marker; it’s a sophisticated element of immune response initiation and cell differentiation. When understanding the CD14 marker, we bridge theory with practice by offering a wide array of highly validated rabbit recombinant monoclonal antibodies for your research. Whether your application necessitates immunohistochemistry, flow cytometry, western blotting, or immunofluorescence, find the precision and reliability you seek with NeoBiotechnologies.
In the field of biomedical research, the CD14 marker has proven to be instrumental in understanding various biological processes and diseases. It plays an active role in adipocyte size and Sterol Regulatory Element-Binding Protein 1c (SREBP-1c) in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Its expression is also upregulated by atheroma-relevant 7-oxysterols, which are oxidized cholesterol metabolites related to atherosclerosis, a disease that causes plaque to build up inside arteries.
Moreover, CD14 is involved in hematopoietic differentiation, where pluripotent stem cells, capable of giving rise to any cell type, differentiate into specialized cells. In fact, it has been found to drive an Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) program during this differentiation process. Additionally, CD14 acts as a receptor for the Chikungunya virus envelope protein E2, regulating virus-induced pro-inflammatory responses in host macrophages. Intriguingly, CD14 plays a role in the generation, activation, and polarization of monocyte-derived macrophages in human malignancies, providing new insights for cancer research and potential therapies.
The future of CD14 research is promising, and the implications for our antibody development at NeoBiotechnologies are vast. As we continue to explore the intricacies of CD14, we can refine our antibodies to cater to more specific applications, thereby supporting researchers in their pursuit of groundbreaking discoveries.
Our commitment to producing highly validated, monospecific Rabbit Recombinant Monoclonal Antibodies capable of detecting the CD14 marker ensures our antibodies are reliable for applications such as Immunohistochemistry, Flow Cytometry, Western Blotting, or Immunofluorescence. As the complexities and functionalities of the CD14 marker continue to unfold, our antibodies will continue to evolve, driving advancements in our understanding of biological processes, disease mechanisms, and potential therapies.
In conclusion, the CD14 marker is not just a differentiation marker for monocytes and macrophages, but a key player in multiple biological processes and diseases. As we continue to delve into the complex world of biomedical research, the importance of CD14 and the antibodies we develop to detect it, like those at NeoBiotechnologies, will continue to grow.
The CD14 marker plays a crucial role in the immune system, with several important functions that contribute to our body’s defense against foreign substances.
CD14 is instrumental in the binding of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP) complexes. This interaction is catalytic, meaning that CD14 aids in the process without being consumed or altered. The CD14, believed to form a horseshoe-shaped dimer, can bind two molecules of LPS in its N-terminal hydrophobic cavities, which are surrounded by a rim of cationic residues.
The CD14 marker’s role goes beyond binding, it also aids in signal transduction. This involves the transmission of a signal from the exterior of the cell to its interior, initiating a cellular response. In the case of CD14, this response gets activated when it encounters LPS, a molecule found in the outer membrane of certain bacteria.
In addition to its independent functions, CD14 also acts as a co-receptor with Toll-like Receptor 4 (TLR4) and MD-2 on cells. This means that CD14 works in conjunction with TLR4 and MD-2 to modulate the immune response to LPS. Interestingly, the membrane form of CD14 (mCD14) is 10-100 times more active in transducing a response to LPS compared to its soluble form (sCD14).
CD14’s interaction with lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP) is another significant aspect of its function. LBP is a protein that binds to LPS, and the complex is then transferred to CD14. This process is vital for the immune response against gram-negative bacteria, which have LPS in their outer membrane.
One of the more fascinating aspects of CD14 is its ability to act as a receptor for a wide range of microbial products, not just LPS. It has been shown to bind and transfer such divergent molecules as endotoxin, phospholipids, and lipopeptides. This versatility contributes to CD14’s importance in the immune response.
As we delve into the intricacies of CD14’s role in the immune system, it’s evident that this marker is not only crucial for understanding our body’s defense mechanisms, but also for developing targeted interventions in disease treatment. At NeoBiotechnologies, we continue to support this vital research with our extensive range of highly validated, monospecific Rabbit Recombinant Monoclonal Antibodies, contributing to the advancements in biomedical research.
The CD14 marker has been found to hold significant diagnostic value in a variety of diseases. It was historically viewed as a marker molecule for monocytes and macrophages. However, new findings regarding its role in binding of LPS-LBP complexes and in signal transduction have sparked renewed interest. Its function, expression in different cell types, and the regulation of its expression, including the formation of soluble CD14, are key areas of focus in disease diagnostics.
CD14’s diverse range of activities suggest that it could be a promising target for therapeutic intervention. This could be for inhibiting hyperactivation during sepsis or for boosting innate responses to weakly immunogenic antigens. However, challenges arise due to CD14’s relatively indiscriminate recognition of endotoxins and lipopeptides and its influence on TLR2 signaling.
Despite these challenges, strides have been made in inhibiting CD14 activities in inflammation and sepsis. Synthetic compounds such as dialkyl amino glycolipids and benzylammonium lipids have been successfully used to inhibit the activation of cells with LPS by binding CD14 and preventing the transfer of LPS to cell surface TLR4/MD-2. Notably, a symmetric lipid A mimetic formed by two dialkyl glucose units linked through a 6–6′ succinic diamide linker (D1) has shown promise. D1 not only inhibits endotoxin activity but also acts as a weak TLR4 agonist, suggesting its potential as a vaccine adjuvant.
At NeoBiotechnologies, we understand the importance of CD14 in disease diagnosis and treatment. We are committed to supporting the progress in this field by providing a comprehensive range of highly validated, monospecific Rabbit Recombinant Monoclonal Antibodies, ideal for Immunohistochemistry, Flow Cytometry, Western Blotting, or Immunofluorescence. These antibodies support researchers and scientists in their efforts to understand and combat diseases through the study and manipulation of CD14 and other vital markers.
