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S100A4, also known as metastasin-1 or Mts1 protein, is a member of the S100 family of calcium-binding proteins. In humans, it is encoded by the S100A4 gene on chromosome 1q21. The S100A4 protein consists of 101 amino acids with a molecular weight of approximately 11 kDa. Post-translational modifications of S100A4 include phosphorylation and acetylation, which can modulate its function and interactions with other proteins. S100A4 is primarily an intracellular protein, although it can also be secreted by cells into the extracellular space. It plays a significant role in cellular processes such as cell motility, invasion, and metastasis, particularly in cancer. S100A4 promotes these processes by interacting with cytoskeletal proteins and signaling pathways involved in cell migration and invasion.
S100A4 is expressed in various tissues and cell types throughout the body, with particularly high levels observed in cells of mesenchymal origin, such as fibroblasts, myofibroblasts, and certain immune cells. It plays a multifaceted role in cellular processes, including cell motility, invasion, angiogenesis, and inflammation. S100A4 is involved in regulating cytoskeletal dynamics and cell migration, making it a key player in tissue remodeling and wound healing. Additionally, S100A4 can interact with various intracellular signaling pathways, influencing cell proliferation, invasion, differentiation, and survival.
The expression of S100A4 is regulated by various factors, including growth factors, cytokines, and transcription factors, which can modulate its expression in response to different physiological and pathological conditions. The dysregulation of S100A4 expression or function has been implicated in various diseases, particularly cancer metastasis and fibrosis. Elevated levels of S100A4 have been associated with increased tumor invasiveness, metastatic potential, and poor prognosis in numerous cancer types, including breast, colorectal, lung, and pancreatic cancer. Furthermore, S100A4 has been implicated in the pathogenesis of fibrotic diseases, such as pulmonary and liver fibrosis, where it promotes tissue scarring and organ dysfunction.
Given its role in cancer metastasis and fibrosis, S100A4 has emerged as a potential therapeutic target for treating these conditions. Strategies aimed at inhibiting S100A4 expression or activity, such as small molecule inhibitors or antibody-based approaches, have been explored for their potential in blocking tumor metastasis and fibrotic progression. For example, clinical trials have revealed that neutralizing S100A4 activity using an anti-S100A4 antibody (6B12) or a specific small molecule inhibitor could effectively and efficiently control metastatic diseases. While there are ongoing efforts to develop S100A4-targeted therapies, further research is needed to validate their efficacy and safety in clinical settings.
NeoBiotechnologies offers a variety of antibodies against S100A4 that have been validated for ELISA, flow cytometry, immunofluorescence, immunohistochemistry, and Western blotting, as well as HuProt validated options. Additionally, we hold exclusive rights to S100A4 antibodies available for licensing or collaboration [https://www.neobiotechnologies.com/shop/?s=S100A4].
Protein S100-A4, Calvasculin, Metastasin, Placental calcium-binding protein, Protein Mts1, S100 calcium-binding protein A4, S100A4; S100 calcium-binding protein A4; Calvasculin; CAPL; Fibroblast specific protein 1 (FSP1); Leukemia multidrug resistance associated protein; Malignant transformation suppression 1 (MTS1); Metastasin; Placental calcium-binding protein
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