Recombinant CD39 / ENTPD1 (Marker of Tumor-specific T cells) Antibody [r22A9]

Summary

CD39 is a transmembrane glycoprotein and an extracellular nucleotide-hydrolyzing enzyme that plays a key role in regulating extracellular ATP and ADP levels. Also known as E-type apyrase, CD39 hydrolyzes ATP and ADP to AMP, which is further converted to adenosine. By degrading ADP, CD39 inhibits platelet aggregation, contributing to its anti-thrombotic function and potential use in preventing coronary artery occlusion and thrombotic stroke.

Intracellularly, CD39 undergoes glycosylation at six N-glycosylation sites before translocating to the membrane to become an active enzyme. Alternative splicing gives rise to three isoforms: vascular, placenta I, and placenta II, with variations at the N-terminus and C-terminus.
CD39 is expressed in vascular tissues, including the placenta, lung, skeletal muscle, and kidney, as well as on endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, cardiac cells, and platelets. In the immune system, CD39 is present on activated B cells, a subset of activated T cells, activated NK cells, macrophages, dendritic cells, and Langerhans cells. It is not expressed on resting lymphocytes but is found in lymphoid tissues, particularly in the mantle zone and paracortical lymphocytes. CD39-expressing cells may provide protection to lymphocytes from the toxic effects of ATP released from damaged cells.

Originally identified on Epstein-Barr virus-transformed B cells, CD39 is now recognized as a key immunoregulatory enzyme involved in inflammation, immune suppression, and thrombotic balance.